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:

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.

528197

: 16

­­ ­­ XVIII ­ ­ ­ ­. ­­­­ ­ ­ , ­­­ ­ ­­. , ­­ ­­ , ­­­ ­­­ ­. ­­­ ­­­ ­­­, ­ ­­.

 1769 ­ ­­ ­­­ ­­ ­­-­­ ­. ­ ­­­ ­­ ­­ ­­ ­-­­­ ­­-­­­­. ­­­ ­­, ­­­­ ­, ­­­ ­­­ ­­­ ­­ ­­­ ­ ­­.

­­ ­­ ­­­ ­ ­ ­­­ ­­ ­­­­, ­­­ ­­­ - ­­­ ­ ­. ­ ­­­ ­ ­­ ­­ ­­ ­­ ­­­, , ­ ­ ­­ ­­ ­­­ ­­­­, ­­ ­­­ ­­­ ­ ­, ­­ ­­­ ­­ ­­­ ­­­ ­ ­ ­­ ­ ­­ ­ ­­­. ­­ ­­­ II ­ ­­, 23 ­­ 1778 ­­ ­­ ­ ­­ ­­ ­ ­-­­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ ­­­ ­­ ­­­­­ ­­. ­ ­­­­ ­ ­­ ­, ­ ­­­ - ­ ­­ ­­­, ­­­ ­ ­­ ­.

­ ­ ­ ­­ ­ ­­ ­­­ . ­­ ­­ ­­, ­ "­­" ­ ­­, ­­ ­­ ­­­ ­­­. ­ ­ ­ ­­­ ­­, ­ ­ ­­ ­ ­­, ­­ ­­ ­­­­­­ ­­­, ­­­ ­­ ­ , ­ ­ ­­­.

­ ­­ ­­ ­ ­ ­­­ ­ ­­ ­­­, "­ ­", ­­ ­, ­­­­­ ­ ­. ­, ­­ ­­­, ­ ­­­­ ­­­­ ­, , ­ ­­, ­ ­ ­ ­­ ­­­, ­­­, ­­­­, ­ ­­­ ­­ ­ ­­ ­­ , ­ ­ ­ ­. ­ ­ ­ ­­­ ­ ­, ­ ­­­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ ­, ­ ­­­­ ­­­­. ­­ ­ ­­­ ­­ ­ ­ ­­ ­­­ ­ ­ ­­ ­, ­­­ ­­ 3 ­­ (­­ ­) 1786 ­, ­ ­ ­­­ ­ ­­­­ ­ ­­ ­­­.

­­­ ­ ­­­ ­­ ­­ ­­­ ­­­­­, ­­ ­ ­­ ­­­, ­ - ­­­ ­­. ­ ­­­, ­­, ­ ­­ ­­, 1936 ­ ­-­­­­­ ­ ­­, ­ ­­ - . ­ ­ ­­­­, ­ ­. ­­­, ­­­ ­ ­­. ­ ­­­ ­­­­ ­­ ­­­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­­ . ­ ­ ­­, ­­ ­­ ­ ­-­­-­­­­ ­ ­­­­.